• 56 year-old right handed lady who presented with nausea and vomiting, difficulty with swallowing, disequilibrium and progressive loss of gait and balance (inability to walk independently). She was also suffering from persistent hiccups and came to the emergency room due to difficulty with breathing.
  
  
• His neurological examination showed complete loss of balance with disequilibrium, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesis, bilateral Babinski, positive Romberg’s, and dysphonia.

• MRI scan of her brain shows a cavernous malformation (cavernoma) arising from the left medullary segment of brainstem with significant mass effect on brain stem.
  
  

• Patient remained stable and given the typical and relative benign course of cavernous malformations and low risk of recurrent hemorrhage, together with the very sensitive location of this lesion (brainstem), patient was managed conservatively initially and eventually discharged home with plan for radiographic and clinical follow-up.
  
  
• However, in less than two weeks she was brought to the emergency room with similar symptoms with progressive difficulty with breathing, and dysphonia.
  
   

MRI at presentation T2 sequence                                             MRI at month later T2 sequence

• The new MRI showed that the cavernous malformation had re-bled with increasing mass effect on her medulla oblongata (brainstem).

MRI at presentation flair sequence                                           MRI a month later flair sequence

• The new MRI showed that the cavernous malformation had re-bled with increasing mass effect on her medulla oblongata (brainstem).

She underwent left far-lateral skull base craniectomy and surgical resection of this brainstem cavernoma using stereotaxy and brain mapping, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring including facial nerve monitoring, monitoring of cranial nerves 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, SSEP, MEP, and brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER).

Computer navigation and stereotaxy was utilized to precisely model and map this cavernous malformation for surgical planning. Critical neuro-vascular structures were individually marked and systematically approached during the operation. Cavernoma is marked in green.

Dr. Limonadi and his team during this surgery.



Right lower slide shows the surgical view (through the surgical microscope) of the brainstem posteriorly as the cavernous malformation is being removed.
BS=Brainstem, C=Cavernoma, PICA=Posterior Inferior Cerebral Artery.
This lesion is shown under the hairpin in other slides.


The cavernoma was removed with out any difficulty during surgery and sent for pathological evaluation which confirmed the diagnosis.

• Post Op MRI shows complete resection of this cavernous malformation without injury to the brainstem (medulla) or adjacent neuro-vascular structures.

Before Operation                                                                After Operation

• Post Op MRI shows complete resection of this cavernous malformation without injury to the brainstem (medulla) or adjacent neuro-vascular structures.She was trached and pegged post-operatively and gradually weaned off both and returned to normal function with regaining her ability to walk and function independently.